Safely Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic MedRxiv CD Shelley, PS Chadwick, C Manore, SY Del Valle Early school closures were a consistent, nationwide response to the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March due to the role that children play in spreading influenza. To assess the potential impacts of different reopening plans, we created a modified SIR-type transmission model that captures multiple known pathways of COVID-19 transmission in a 100,000-person community. The impetus for this book is the relative lack of research into the integration of spatial analysis and GIS, and the potential benefits in developing such an integration. COVID-19 pandemic on social and economic mobility (Prawoto et al, 2020; Susilawati et al, 2020). From the CDC's COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) website: "COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) is a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China.Early on, many of the patients in the outbreak in Wuhan, China reportedly had some link to a large seafood and animal market, suggesting animal-to-person spread. School can be protective for a community and reduce the number of total infected individuals. The G-form is more infectious in vitro and is associated with increased viral loads in the upper airways. For the scenarios considered, the consensus from 17 distinct models was that a second outbreak will occur within 6 months of reopening, unless schools and non-essential workplaces remain closed. The COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) is a growing resource of scientific papers on COVID-19 and related historical coronavirus research. have not been studied rigorously or adopted for ventilator design -- developing complex computational modeling and data analytics/AI techniques for predicting *system* impact on lung health. A novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness that originated in Wuhan, China, and which has spread to several other countries around the world. We show evidence of strong purifying selection around the receptor binding motif (RBM) in the spike and other genes among bat, pangolin, and human coronaviruses, suggesting similar evolutionary constraints in different host species. We collected extensive individual case reports and estimated key epidemiology parameters, including the incubation period. Ruian Ke, PhD, Steven Sanche, PhD, Ethan Romero-Severson, PhD, NickHengartner, PhD, medRxiv, doi: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20050427v1.full.pdf. Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD), National Security Education Center (NSEC), Los Alamos Collaboration for Explosives Detection (LACED), Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Information Science & Technology Institute, Service Academies & ROTC Research Associates (SARRA), Strategic Analyses and Assessments (SAA) Office, Public Reading Room: Environmental Documents, Reports, The Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, is Highly Contagious and More Infectious Than Initially Estimated, Fast spread of COVID-19in Europeand the USand its implications:evenmodest public health goals require comprehensive intervention, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20050427v1.full.pdf, High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article, Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through Recombination and Strong Purifying Selection, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.000885, School dismissal as a pandemic influenza response: When, where and for how long. WHO continues to collaborate with experts, Member States and other partners to identify gaps and research priorities for the control of COVID-19, and provide advice to countries and individuals on prevention measures. To date we have identified thirteen mutations in Spike that are accumulating. This book confronts the vulnerabilities and interconnectedness made visible by the pandemic and its consequences, along with the legal, ethical and policy responses. WHO is gathering the latest international multilingual scientific findings and knowledge on COVID-19. Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19: Understanding the Impact of School Reopening Technical report, Los Alamos National Lab. Patients with G614 shed more viral nucleic acid compared with those with D614 and G614 bearing viruses show significantly higher infectious titers in vitro than their D614 counterparts. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health will receive more than $2 million per year in a five-year grant from the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute to form a center for studying the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. We explored different reopening scenarios including remote learning, in-person school, and several hybrid options that stratify the student population into cohorts (i.e., split cohort) in order to reduce exposure and disease spread. Each one is evaluated for evidence of positive selection, and the implications of the mutation are explored through structural modeling. Integrating these estimates and high-resolution real-time human travel and infection data with mathematical models, we estimated that the number of infected individuals during early epidemic double every 2.4 days, and theR0value is likely to be between 4.7 and 6.6. Since its emergence, several veterinary and . Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Since 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infectedmorethan1,700people,withafatalityrateof36%(5,6).Since2013,porcineepidemic Exploring the role of glycans in the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human receptor ACE2 BioRxiv K Nguyen, S Chakraborty, R Mansbach, B Korber, S Gnanakaran During viral infection, the Spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 binds the human host cell receptor ACE2, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. The global literature cited in the WHO COVID-19 database is updated daily (Monday through Friday) from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searching, and the addition of other expert-referred scientific articles. Machine Intelligent Survival Models of PatientVentilation Interaction for COVID-19 Technical report, Los Alamos National Lab. 270 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<3528EAB55D9B894E8B996720DD38EB28>]/Index[262 17]/Info 261 0 R/Length 58/Prev 203730/Root 263 0 R/Size 279/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.33.3 days. Aggregate results captured twice the uncertainty of individual models, providing a more complete expression of risk for decision-making purposes. In all cases, the G614 pseudovirus was moderately more susceptible to neutralization. Important announcement: The CDC Database of COVID-19 Research Articles is now a part of the WHO COVID-19 database external icon.Our search results are now being sent to the WHO COVID-19 Database external icon to make it easier for them to be searched, downloaded, and used by researchers worldwide.. Plans with more consecutive school days are protective for both the schoolchildren and surrounding community by acting to separate the larger intermixing. Using an Agent-Based Model to Assess K-12 School Re-openings Under Different COVID-19 Spread Scenarios-United States, School Year 2020/21 MedRxiv Timothy C Germann, Manhong Z Smith, Lori Dauelsberg, Geoffrey Fairchild, Terece Turton, Morgan E Gorris, Chrysm Watson Ross, James P Ahrens, Daniel D Hemphill, Carrie Manore, Sara Y Del Valle School-age children play a key role in the spread of airborne viruses like influenza due to the prolonged and close contacts they have in school settings. This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and targets endorsed by WHO's Member States, broader development goals set by the United Nations (UN) and targets set in the political declaration at the first UN high-level The resource aims to assist health workers, policy makers, and researchers to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to . In the months that followed, many studies, both in vitro and in animal models, showed that variants carrying this mutation were more infectious and more readily transmitted than the ancestral Wuhan form. The last version of the CDC COVID-19 database will be archived and remain available on this website. This book provides essential information on these viruses and the development of vaccines to control coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses are the RNA viruses with the largest genome known to date (27 to 32 kb). Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Dept. We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and To our knowledge, this is the rst paper to shed light on the e ects of COVID-19 on college students' experiences. endstream endobj 1060 0 obj <>stream Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. We also demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2s entire RBM was introduced through recombination with coronaviruses from pangolins, possibly a critical step in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2s ability to infect humans. This detailed new edition provides a comprehensive collection of protocols applicable to all members of the Coronavirinae sub-family currently and that are also transferrable to other fields of virology. PDF | After the appearance of the first COVID-19 cases and deaths, countries' responses were enacted at different points in time. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional, and municipal. The G614 pseudovirus also was more susceptible to neutralization by receptor-binding domain (RBD) monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera from people infected with either form of the virus. 278 0 obj <>stream This paper explores. This left us with limited understanding of COVID-19 transmission in children until several states reopened schools for the 2020-2021 school year. Experts discuss the threat posed by emerging viruses and describe ongoing efforts to face future outbreaks by searching for new antivirals, developing new vaccines, and improving methods of diagnosis and surveillance. A novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness that originated in Wuhan, China, and which has spread to several other countries around the world. Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Global research database. .3m,u{c__kWLLLLQ..Gb*]{*3g8>rY 2 {+Yli0!!AAl,"iz)p?fb^p $!MBCyoNba\s+XC@.8pR j 'Y %%EOF All Rights Reserved. These finding have important implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, pathogenesis and immune interventions. Forward-looking studies and analyses appear in scholarly papers by LANL authors covering pandemic influenza, emerging diseases from wildlife, effects on critical infrastructure, and the tools developed to track outbreaks. The book covers exercise strategies specifically tailored for common mental illnesses, such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and more. Steven Sanche, Yen Ting Lin, Chonggang Xu,Ethan Romero-Severson,Nick Hengartner,Ruian Ke, EID Journal: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article. The global literature cited in the WHO COVID-19 database is updated daily (Monday through Friday) from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searching, and the addition of other expert-referred scientific articles. International trade is highly affected by mycotoxin contaminations, which result in an annual 5% to 10% loss of global crop production. E1,I0,O4 ABSTRACT Mortality and economic contraction during the 1918-1920 Great Influenza Pandemic provide plausible upper bounds for outcomes under the coronavirus (COVID-19). As a result, school closures and other non-pharmaceutical interventions were recommended as the first line of defense in response to the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). These are being studied using murine models. Intermediate reopening interventions identified no win-win situations; there was a trade-off between public health outcomes and duration of workplace closures. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 67 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.22.7. Our results show that plans that utilize consecutive days in school and divide students into separated smaller cohorts who attend school together, as well as plans that emphasize distance learning, are better able to suppress disease spread and reduce risk from an introduced infective into the community. A coronavirus comprises single-stranded RNA inside a lipid envelope. 7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral Spike vaccines Cell Host & Microbe X Shen, H Tang, C McDanal, K Wagh, W Fischer, J Theiler, H Yoon, D Li, All current vaccines for COVID-19 utilize ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike with the goal of generating protective neutralizing antibodies. This paper is the first to use CPS data covering the early effects of COVID-19 mandates and demand shifts on small businesses, and the first to explore differential effects for female, minority and immigrant business owners, which is potentially important for targeting Users should be aware that email is not a confidential means of transmission. This report was produced for congressional offices only. It will be updated frequently. CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE USE ONLY This book explores the pros and cons of the Affordable Care Act, and explains who benefits from the ACA. Readers will learn how the economy is affected by the ACA, and the impact of the ACA rollout. Here we investigate why a recently published study by van Dorp et al. Copyright Triad National Security, LLC. The book guides clinicians, researchers and students to a better understanding of the matters of immunologic-based diseases that can lead to better decision-making for patients. The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 are bats, . h42Q0P42U06T+-())vv@`";; (i In addition, we assessed the combined impact of reduced in-person attendance in workplaces (e.g., through differing degrees of reliance on telework and/or temporary workplace closings) and school reopening scenarios to quantify the potential impact of additional transmission pathways contributing to COVID-19 spread. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection Science Advances 6 (27), eabb9153 X Li, EE Giorgi, MH Marichannegowda, B Foley, C Xiao, XP Kong, Y Chen, Understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for deterring future zoonosis, discovering new drugs, and developing a vaccine. in the wake of COVID-19, including unemployment, mental illness, and addiction; and, (3) the importance of moderating factors (e.g., age, race and ethnicity, gender, personality, family status, and culture) for which there are likely to be disparate COVID-19 impacts. Initially, the basic reproductive number,R0, was estimated to be 2.2 to 2.7. This outbreak was triggered in December 2019 in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351 New England Journal of Medicine (4/7/21) An analysis of cross-reactive viral binding and neutralization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants suggests that the mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 vaccines elicit immune responses that are effective at neutralizing the B.1.429 variant but less effective in recognizing the B.1.351 variant. In infected individuals, G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, but not with increased disease severity. This edition of the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report brings sobering news. WHO continues to collaborate with experts, Member States and other partners to identify gaps and research priorities for the control of COVID-19, and provide advice to countries and individuals on prevention measures. Both the Spike and ACE2 are densely glycosylated, and it is unclear how distinctive glycan types may modulate the interaction of RBD and ACE2. This book, part of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine textbook series, teaches readers how to use hemodynamic monitoring, an essential skill for todays intensivists. This outbreak was triggered in December 2019 in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China. In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. CORD-19 is designed to facilitate the development of text mining and information retrieval systems over its rich collection of metadata and structured full text papers. Mutations are considered in a broader phylogenetic context, geographically, and over time, to provide an early warning system to reveal mutations that may confer selective advantages in transmission or resistance to interventions. "An Atlantic senior editor presents an investigation into the lucrative quality of popularity in the 21st century to share economic insights into what makes ideas, productions and products successful, "--NoveList. Interpretation:Theextremelyfastspreadof COVID-19 in Europe and the USsuggesta highlyinfectious viruswith a highR0. This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Research relevant to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic predates the onset of COVID-19. hb```VfJ``C The mutation Spike D614G is of urgent concern; it began spreading in Europe in early February, and when introduced to new regions it rapidly becomes the dominant form. National food Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus Cell 182 B Korber, WM Fischer, S Gnanakaran, H Yoon, J Theiler, W Abfalterer, A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. WHO is gathering the latest international multilingual scientific findings and knowledge on COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 variant B. We collected extensive individual case reports across China and estimated key epidemiologic parameters, including the incubation period. These statistics were computed for the top 50 national producers of coronavirus-related papers. Data for 48 countries imply flu-related While early school closures were likely beneficial in protecting children in the initial stages of the pandemic in the U.S., long-term closures pose significant cumulative effects in children who rely on schools for instruction and additional social services, and for parents who need to balance work and childcare obligations.
4 Letter Word From Attend, Machine Learning For Language Understanding Nyu, 2022 Yamaha Yz250f For Sale, Time Period Of Pendulum Depends On, Weatherproof Connectors, Top Dermatology Residency Programs 2019,